Domain, Range, Even, and Odd Functions

Domain and Range

The domain of a function is all x-values where 𝑓(𝑥) is defined.

The range of a function is all y-values where 𝑓(𝑥) is defined.

To describe the domain and range of a function, you can use the following notations.

Interval Notation

Interval notation utilises [] and () to describe the end values of a function. Square brackets means it includes the end values of that interval, whereas round brackets do not include the end values.

Example

Find the domain of 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥2.

𝐷:(,),𝑅:[0,)

Inequalities and Other Formats

You can describe the domain and range of a function by using inequalities, such as 1<𝑥<1. You can also describe it by saying all real x, all real y, and 𝑦0.

Even and Odd Functions

Even Functions

Even functions are symmetrical by the y-axis (creating a mirror line). This means that the graph does not change when it is reflected by the y-axis. Thus, for 𝑥=𝑎 and 𝑥=𝑎, the y-value is the same.

This can be proved by following the rule 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥).

Example

Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥2 is odd or even.

𝑓(𝑥)=(𝑥)2𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥2𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥)

Odd Functions

Odd functions are symmetrical by the x-axis (establishing a mirror line). This means that if the graph is reflected by the x-axis, it does not change. Thus, for 𝑥=𝑎 and 𝑥=𝑎, the values of y are flipped (e.g. 𝑥=𝑎,𝑦=𝑏, 𝑥=𝑎,𝑦=𝑏).

This can be proved through following the rule 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥).

Example

Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥3 is odd or even.

𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥2𝑓(𝑥)=(𝑥)3𝑓(𝑥)=(𝑥)3𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥3𝑓(𝑥)=[𝑥3]𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥3𝑓(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥)

Warning

Be careful not to use 𝑓(𝑥) to create 𝑓(𝑥). Always derive 𝑓(𝑥) from 𝑓(𝑥).